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Отпечатване на всички решения в задачата N-Queen

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Дадено е цяло число п задачата е да намерите всички отделни решения към проблем с n-кралици където п дамите се поставят на ан n * n шахматна дъска, така че две дами да не могат да се атакуват една друга.

Забележка: Всяко решение е уникална конфигурация на п дами, представени като пермутация на [123...n] . Номерът на аз th позиция показва реда на дамата в аз th колона. например [3142] показва едно такова оформление.

Пример:



вход: n = 4
Изход: [2 4 1 3] [3 1 4 2]

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Обяснение: Това са 2-те възможни решения.

вход: n = 2
Изход: []
Обяснение: Няма решение, тъй като дамите могат да се атакуват една друга във всички възможни конфигурации.

Съдържание

[Наивен подход] - Използване на рекурсия - O(n! * n) време и O(n) пространство

Проста идея за решаване на Проблем с N-Queens е да генерира всички възможни пермутации на [1 2 3 ... n] и след това проверете дали представлява валидна конфигурация на N-Дами. Тъй като всяка дама трябва да бъде в различен ред и колона автоматично използване на пермутации се грижи за тези правила. Но все пак трябва да проверим дали няма две дами на същият диагонал.

По-долу е дадено изпълнение:

C++
//C++ program to find all solution of N queen problem  //using recursion #include    #include #include   using namespace std; // Function to check if the current placement is safe bool isSafe(vector<int>& board int currRow  int currCol) {  // Check all previously placed queens  for(int i = 0; i < board.size(); ++i) {  int placedRow = board[i];  // Columns are 1-based  int placedCol = i + 1;  // Check if the queen is on the same diagonal  if(abs(placedRow - currRow) == abs(placedCol - currCol)) {  return false; // Not safe  }  }  // Safe to place the queen  return true;  } // Recursive function to generate all possible permutations void nQueenUtil(int col int n vector<int>& board   vector<vector<int>>& res vector<bool>& visited) {  // If all queens are placed add into res  if(col > n) {  res.push_back(board);  return;  }  // Try placing a queen in each row  // of the current column  for(int row = 1; row <= n; ++row) {  // Check if the row is already used  if(!visited[row]) {    // Check if it's safe to place the queen  if(isSafe(board row col)) {  // Mark the row as used  visited[row] = true;   // Place the queen  board.push_back(row);   // Recur to place the next queen  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board  res visited);  // Backtrack: remove the queen  board.pop_back();     // Unmark row  visited[row] = false;   }  }  } } // Main function to find all distinct  // res to the n-queens puzzle vector<vector<int>> nQueen(int n) {  vector<vector<int>> res;   // Current board configuration  vector<int> board;   // Track used rows  vector<bool> visited(n + 1 false);   // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board res visited);  return res;  } int main() {  int n = 4;   vector<vector<int>> res = nQueen(n);   for(int i = 0;i < res.size(); i++) {  cout << '[';  for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {  cout << res[i][j];   if(j != n - 1) cout << ' ';   }  cout << ']n';  }  return 0; } 
Java
//Java program to find all solution of N queen problem  //using recursion import java.util.ArrayList; class GfG {  // Check if placement is safe  static boolean isSafe(ArrayList<Integer> board   int currRow int currCol) {    for(int i = 0; i < board.size(); i++) {  int placedRow = board.get(i);  int placedCol = i + 1;  // Check diagonals  if(Math.abs(placedRow - currRow) ==   Math.abs(placedCol - currCol)) {  return false; // Not safe  }  }  return true; // Safe to place  }  // Recursive utility to solve  static void nQueenUtil(int col int n   ArrayList<Integer> board   ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res   boolean[] visited) {  // If all queens placed add to res  if(col > n) {  res.add(new ArrayList<>(board));  return;  }  // Try each row in column  for(int row = 1; row <= n; row++) {  // If row not used  if(!visited[row]) {  // Check safety  if(isSafe(board row col)) {  // Mark row  visited[row] = true;  // Place queen  board.add(row);  // Recur for next column  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board   res visited);  // Backtrack  board.remove(board.size()-1);  visited[row] = false;  }  }  }  }  // Function to solve N-Queen  static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> nQueen(int n) {  ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();  ArrayList<Integer> board = new ArrayList<>();  boolean[] visited = new boolean[n +1];  nQueenUtil(1 n board res visited);  return res;  }  public static void main(String[] args) {  int n = 4;  ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res = nQueen(n);    for(ArrayList<Integer> row : res) {  System.out.print('[');  for(int i = 0; i < row.size(); i++) {    System.out.print(row.get(i));  if(i != row.size()-1)  System.out.print(' ');  }  System.out.println(']');  }  } } 
Python
#Python program to find all solution of N queen problem  #using recursion # Function to check if placement is safe def isSafe(board currRow currCol): for i in range(len(board)): placedRow = board[i] placedCol = i + 1 # Check diagonals if abs(placedRow - currRow) ==  abs(placedCol - currCol): return False # Not safe return True # Safe to place # Recursive utility to solve N-Queens def nQueenUtil(col n board res visited): # If all queens placed add to res if col > n: res.append(board.copy()) return # Try each row in column for row in range(1 n+1): # If row not used if not visited[row]: # Check safety if isSafe(board row col): # Mark row visited[row] = True # Place queen board.append(row) # Recur for next column nQueenUtil(col+1 n board res visited) # Backtrack board.pop() visited[row] = False # Main N-Queen solver def nQueen(n): res = [] board = [] visited = [False] * (n + 1) nQueenUtil(1 n board res visited) return res if __name__ == '__main__': n = 4 res = nQueen(n) for row in res: print(row) 
C#
//C# program to find all solution of N queen problem  //using recursion using System; using System.Collections.Generic; class GfG {  // Check if placement is safe  static bool isSafe(List<int> board int currRow  int currCol){  for (int i = 0; i < board.Count; i++) {  int placedRow = board[i];  int placedCol = i + 1;  // Check diagonals  if (Math.Abs(placedRow - currRow)  == Math.Abs(placedCol - currCol)) {  return false; // Not safe  }  }  return true; // Safe to place  }  // Recursive utility to solve  static void nQueenUtil(int col int n List<int> board  List<List<int> > res  bool[] visited){  // If all queens placed add to res  if (col > n) {  res.Add(new List<int>(board));  return;  }  // Try each row in column  for (int row = 1; row <= n; row++) {  // If row not used  if (!visited[row]) {  // Check safety  if (isSafe(board row col)) {  // Mark row  visited[row] = true;  // Place queen  board.Add(row);  // Recur for next column  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board res  visited);  // Backtrack  board.RemoveAt(board.Count - 1);  visited[row] = false;  }  }  }  }  // Main N-Queen solver  static List<List<int>> nQueen(int n){  List<List<int> > res = new List<List<int> >();  List<int> board = new List<int>();  bool[] visited = new bool[n + 1];  nQueenUtil(1 n board res visited);  return res;  }  static void Main(string[] args) {  int n = 4;  List<List<int>> res = nQueen(n);  foreach (var temp in res) {  Console.WriteLine('[' + String.Join(' ' temp) + ']');  }  } } 
JavaScript
//JavaScript program to find all solution of N queen problem  //using recursion // Function to check if placement is safe function isSafe(board currRow currCol){  for (let i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {  let placedRow = board[i];  let placedCol = i + 1;    // Check diagonals  if (Math.abs(placedRow - currRow) ===   Math.abs(placedCol - currCol)) {  return false; // Not safe  }  }  return true; // Safe to place } // Recursive utility to solve N-Queens function nQueenUtil(col n board res visited){  // If all queens placed add to res  if (col > n) {  res.push([...board ]);  return;  }    // Try each row in column  for (let row = 1; row <= n; row++) {    // If row not used  if (!visited[row]) {    // Check safety  if (isSafe(board row col)) {    // Mark row  visited[row] = true;    // Place queen  board.push(row);    // Recur for next column  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board res  visited);    // Backtrack  board.pop();  visited[row] = false;  }  }  } } // Main N-Queen solver function nQueen(n){  let res = [];  let board = [];  let visited = Array(n + 1).fill(false);  nQueenUtil(1 n board res visited);  return res; } // Driver code let n = 4; let res = nQueen(n); res.forEach(row => console.log(row)); 

Изход
[2 4 1 3] [3 1 4 2] 

Времева сложност: O(n!*n) n! за генериране на всички пермутации и O(n) за валидиране на всяка пермутация.
Помощно пространство: O(n)

анотации за пролетно зареждане

[Очакван подход] - Използване на обратно проследяване с отрязване - O(n!) време и O(n) пространство

За оптимизиране на горния подход можем да използваме връщане назад с резитба . Вместо да генерираме всички възможни пермутации, ние изграждаме решението постепенно, докато правим това, можем да се уверим на всяка стъпка, че частичното решение остава валидно. Ако възникне конфликт, веднага ще се върнем назад, това помага избягване ненужни изчисления .

Изпълнение стъпка по стъпка :

  • Започнете от първата колона и опитайте да поставите дама във всеки ред.
  • Съхранявайте масиви, за да проследявате кои редове вече са заети. По същия начин за проследяване майор и малки диагонали вече са заети.
  • Ако кралица поставяне конфликти със съществуващите кралици пропуснете че ред и връщане назад кралицата да опита следващия възможно ред (Орязване и връщане назад по време на конфликт).
C++
// C++ program to find all solution of N queen problem by // using backtracking and pruning #include    #include    #include  using namespace std; // Utility function for solving the N-Queens // problem using backtracking. void nQueenUtil(int j int n vector<int> &board vector<bool> &rows   vector<bool> &diag1 vector<bool> &diag2 vector<vector<int>> &res) {    if (j > n) {  // A solution is found  res.push_back(board);  return;  }  for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {  if (!rows[i] && !diag1[i + j] && !diag2[i - j + n]) {  // Place queen  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = true;  board.push_back(i);  // Recurse to the next column  nQueenUtil(j + 1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  // Remove queen (backtrack)  board.pop_back();  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = false;  }  } } // Solves the N-Queens problem and returns // all valid configurations. vector<vector<int>> nQueen(int n) {  vector<vector<int>> res;  vector<int> board;  // Rows occupied  vector<bool> rows(n + 1 false);  // Major diagonals (row + j) and Minor diagonals (row - col + n)  vector<bool> diag1(2 * n + 1 false);  vector<bool> diag2(2 * n + 1 false);  // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  return res; } int main() {  int n = 4;  vector<vector<int>> res = nQueen(n);  for (int i = 0; i < res.size(); i++) {  cout << '[';  for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {  cout << res[i][j];  if (j != n - 1)  cout << ' ';  }  cout << ']n';  }  return 0; } 
Java
// Java program to find all solutions of the N-Queens problem // using backtracking and pruning import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; class GfG {  // Utility function for solving the N-Queens  // problem using backtracking.  static void nQueenUtil(int j int n ArrayList<Integer> board boolean[] rows  boolean[] diag1 boolean[] diag2 ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res) {  if (j > n) {  // A solution is found  res.add(new ArrayList<>(board));  return;  }  for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {  if (!rows[i] && !diag1[i + j] && !diag2[i - j + n]) {  // Place queen  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = true;  board.add(i);  // Recurse to the next column  nQueenUtil(j + 1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  // Remove queen (backtrack)  board.remove(board.size() - 1);  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = false;  }  }  }  // Solves the N-Queens problem and returns  // all valid configurations.  static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> nQueen(int n) {  ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();  ArrayList<Integer> board = new ArrayList<>();  // Rows occupied  boolean[] rows = new boolean[n + 1];  // Major diagonals (row + j) and Minor diagonals (row - col + n)  boolean[] diag1 = new boolean[2 * n + 1];  boolean[] diag2 = new boolean[2 * n + 1];  // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  return res;  }  public static void main(String[] args) {  int n = 4;  ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res = nQueen(n);  for (ArrayList<Integer> solution : res) {  System.out.print('[');  for (int i = 0; i < solution.size(); i++) {  System.out.print(solution.get(i));  if (i != solution.size() - 1) {  System.out.print(' ');  }  }  System.out.println(']');  }  } } 
Python
# Python program to find all solutions of the N-Queens problem # using backtracking and pruning def nQueenUtil(j n board rows diag1 diag2 res): if j > n: # A solution is found res.append(board[:]) return for i in range(1 n + 1): if not rows[i] and not diag1[i + j] and not diag2[i - j + n]: # Place queen rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = True board.append(i) # Recurse to the next column nQueenUtil(j + 1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res) # Remove queen (backtrack) board.pop() rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = False def nQueen(n): res = [] board = [] # Rows occupied rows = [False] * (n + 1) # Major diagonals (row + j) and Minor diagonals (row - col + n) diag1 = [False] * (2 * n + 1) diag2 = [False] * (2 * n + 1) # Start solving from the first column nQueenUtil(1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res) return res if __name__ == '__main__': n = 4 res = nQueen(n) for temp in res: print(temp) 
C#
// C# program to find all solutions of the N-Queens problem // using backtracking and pruning using System; using System.Collections.Generic; class GfG {  // Utility function for solving the N-Queens  // problem using backtracking.  static void nQueenUtil(int j int n List<int> board bool[] rows  bool[] diag1 bool[] diag2 List<List<int>> res) {  if (j > n) {  // A solution is found  res.Add(new List<int>(board));  return;  }  for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {  if (!rows[i] && !diag1[i + j] && !diag2[i - j + n]) {  // Place queen  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = true;  board.Add(i);  // Recurse to the next column  nQueenUtil(j + 1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  // Remove queen (backtrack)  board.RemoveAt(board.Count - 1);  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = false;  }  }  }  // Solves the N-Queens problem and returns  // all valid configurations.  static List<List<int>> nQueen(int n) {  List<List<int>> res = new List<List<int>>();  List<int> board = new List<int>();  // Rows occupied  bool[] rows = new bool[n + 1];  // Major diagonals (row + j) and Minor diagonals (row - col + n)  bool[] diag1 = new bool[2 * n + 1];  bool[] diag2 = new bool[2 * n + 1];  // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  return res;  }  static void Main(string[] args) {  int n = 4;  List<List<int>> res = nQueen(n);  foreach (var temp in res) {  Console.WriteLine('[' + String.Join(' ' temp) + ']');  }  } } 
JavaScript
// JavaScript program to find all solutions of the N-Queens problem // using backtracking and pruning // Utility function for solving the N-Queens // problem using backtracking. function nQueenUtil(j n board rows diag1 diag2 res) {  if (j > n) {  // A solution is found  res.push([...board]);  return;  }  for (let i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {  if (!rows[i] && !diag1[i + j] && !diag2[i - j + n]) {  // Place queen  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = true;  board.push(i);  // Recurse to the next column  nQueenUtil(j + 1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  // Remove queen (backtrack)  board.pop();  rows[i] = diag1[i + j] = diag2[i - j + n] = false;  }  } } // Solves the N-Queens problem and returns // all valid configurations. function nQueen(n) {  const res = [];  const board = [];  // Rows occupied  const rows = Array(n + 1).fill(false);  // Major diagonals (row + j) and Minor diagonals (row - col + n)  const diag1 = Array(2 * n + 1).fill(false);  const diag2 = Array(2 * n + 1).fill(false);  // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board rows diag1 diag2 res);  return res; } // Driver Code const n = 4; const res = nQueen(n); res.forEach(temp => console.log(temp)); 

Изход
[2 4 1 3] [3 1 4 2] 

Времева сложност: O(n!) За генериране на всички пермутации .
Помощно пространство: O(n)

[Алтернативен подход] - Обратно проследяване чрез битово маскиране

За допълнително оптимизиране на връщане назад подход особено за по-големи стойности на п можем да използваме битово маскиране за ефективно проследяване заети редове и диагонали. Bit-маскиране ни позволява да използваме цели числа ( редове ld rd ), за да проследите кои редове и диагонали са заети, като използвате бързо битови операции за по бързо изчисления. Подходът остава същият като по-горе.

По-долу е дадено изпълнение:

C++
//C++ program to find all solution of N queen problem  //using recursion #include    #include  using namespace std; // Function to check if the current placement is safe bool isSafe(int row int col int rows int ld int rd int n) {  return !((rows >> row) & 1) && !((ld >> (row + col)) & 1) && !((rd >> (row - col + n)) & 1); } // Recursive function to generate all possible permutations void nQueenUtil(int col int n vector<int>& board   vector<vector<int>>& res int rows int ld int rd) {  // If all queens are placed add into res  if(col > n) {  res.push_back(board);  return;  }  // Try placing a queen in each row  // of the current column  for(int row = 1; row <= n; ++row) {  // Check if it's safe to place the queen  if(isSafe(row col rows ld rd n)) {    // Place the queen  board.push_back(row);   // Recur to place the next queen  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board  res rows | (1 << row)   (ld | (1 << (row + col)))   (rd | (1 << (row - col + n))));  // Backtrack: remove the queen  board.pop_back();   }  }   }  // Main function to find all distinct  // res to the n-queens puzzle vector<vector<int>> nQueen(int n) {  vector<vector<int>> res;   // Current board configuration  vector<int> board;     // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board res 0 0 0);  return res;  } int main() {  int n = 4;   vector<vector<int>> res = nQueen(n);   for(int i = 0;i < res.size(); i++) {  cout << '[';  for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {  cout << res[i][j];   if(j != n - 1) cout << ' ';   }  cout << ']n';  }  return 0; } 
Java
// Java program to find all solution of N queen problem  // using recursion import java.util.*; class GfG {  // Function to check if the current placement is safe  static boolean isSafe(int row int col int rows int ld int rd int n) {  return !(((rows >> row) & 1) == 1) && !(((ld >> (row + col)) & 1) == 1)   && !(((rd >> (row - col + n)) & 1) == 1);  }  // Recursive function to generate all possible permutations  static void nQueenUtil(int col int n ArrayList<Integer> board   ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res int rows int ld int rd) {  // If all queens are placed add into res  if (col > n) {  res.add(new ArrayList<>(board));  return;  }  // Try placing a queen in each row  // of the current column  for (int row = 1; row <= n; ++row) {  // Check if it's safe to place the queen  if (isSafe(row col rows ld rd n)) {  // Place the queen  board.add(row);  // Recur to place the next queen  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board res   rows | (1 << row) (ld | (1 << (row + col)))   (rd | (1 << (row - col + n))));  // Backtrack: remove the queen  board.remove(board.size() - 1);  }  }  }  // Main function to find all distinct   // res to the n-queens puzzle  static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> nQueen(int n) {  ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();  // Current board configuration  ArrayList<Integer> board = new ArrayList<>();  // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board res 0 0 0);  return res;  }  public static void main(String[] args) {  int n = 4;  ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> res = nQueen(n);  for (ArrayList<Integer> solution : res) {  System.out.print('[');  for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {  System.out.print(solution.get(j));  if (j != n - 1) System.out.print(' ');  }  System.out.println(']');  }  } } 
Python
# Python program to find all solution of N queen problem  # using recursion # Function to check if the current placement is safe def isSafe(row col rows ld rd n): return not ((rows >> row) & 1) and  not ((ld >> (row + col)) & 1) and  not ((rd >> (row - col + n)) & 1) # Recursive function to generate all possible permutations def nQueenUtil(col n board res rows ld rd): # If all queens are placed add into res if col > n: res.append(board[:]) return # Try placing a queen in each row # of the current column for row in range(1 n + 1): # Check if it's safe to place the queen if isSafe(row col rows ld rd n): # Place the queen board.append(row) # Recur to place the next queen nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board res rows | (1 << row) (ld | (1 << (row + col))) (rd | (1 << (row - col + n)))) # Backtrack: remove the queen board.pop() # Main function to find all distinct  # res to the n-queens puzzle def nQueen(n): res = [] # Current board configuration board = [] # Start solving from the first column nQueenUtil(1 n board res 0 0 0) return res if __name__ == '__main__': n = 4 res = nQueen(n) for solution in res: print('[' end='') for j in range(n): print(solution[j] end='') if j != n - 1: print(' ' end='') print(']') 
C#
// C# program to find all solution of N queen problem  // using recursion using System; using System.Collections.Generic; class GfG {    // Function to check if the current placement is safe  static bool isSafe(int row int col int rows int ld int rd int n) {  return !(((rows >> row) & 1) == 1) && !(((ld >> (row + col)) & 1) == 1)   && !(((rd >> (row - col + n)) & 1) == 1);  }  // Recursive function to generate all possible permutations  static void nQueenUtil(int col int n List<int> board   List<List<int>> res int rows int ld int rd) {  // If all queens are placed add into res  if (col > n) {  res.Add(new List<int>(board));  return;  }  // Try placing a queen in each row  // of the current column  for (int row = 1; row <= n; ++row) {  // Check if it's safe to place the queen  if (isSafe(row col rows ld rd n)) {  // Place the queen  board.Add(row);  // Recur to place the next queen  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board res   rows | (1 << row) (ld | (1 << (row + col)))   (rd | (1 << (row - col + n))));  // Backtrack: remove the queen  board.RemoveAt(board.Count - 1);  }  }  }  // Main function to find all distinct   // res to the n-queens puzzle  static List<List<int>> nQueen(int n) {  List<List<int>> res = new List<List<int>>();  // Current board configuration  List<int> board = new List<int>();  // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board res 0 0 0);  return res;  }  static void Main() {  int n = 4;  List<List<int>> res = nQueen(n);  foreach (var solution in res) {  Console.Write('[');  for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) {  Console.Write(solution[j]);  if (j != n - 1) Console.Write(' ');  }  Console.WriteLine(']');  }  } } 
JavaScript
// JavaScript program to find all solution of N queen problem  // using recursion // Function to check if the current placement is safe function isSafe(row col rows ld rd n) {  return !((rows >> row) & 1) &&   !((ld >> (row + col)) & 1) &&   !((rd >> (row - col + n)) & 1); } // Recursive function to generate all possible permutations function nQueenUtil(col n board res rows ld rd) {  // If all queens are placed add into res  if (col > n) {  res.push([...board]);  return;  }  // Try placing a queen in each row  // of the current column  for (let row = 1; row <= n; ++row) {  // Check if it's safe to place the queen  if (isSafe(row col rows ld rd n)) {  // Place the queen  board.push(row);  // Recur to place the next queen  nQueenUtil(col + 1 n board res   rows | (1 << row) (ld | (1 << (row + col)))   (rd | (1 << (row - col + n))));  // Backtrack: remove the queen  board.pop();  }  } } // Main function to find all distinct  // res to the n-queens puzzle function nQueen(n) {  let res = [];  // Current board configuration  let board = [];  // Start solving from the first column  nQueenUtil(1 n board res 0 0 0);  return res; } // Driver Code let n = 4; let res = nQueen(n); for (let i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {  process.stdout.write('[');  for (let j = 0; j < n; ++j) {  process.stdout.write(res[i][j].toString());  if (j !== n - 1) process.stdout.write(' ');  }  console.log(']'); } 

Изход
[2 4 1 3] [3 1 4 2] 

Времева сложност: O(n!) за генериране на всички пермутации.
Космическа сложност: O(n)

Създаване на тест